- Programma del Congresso
-
Sessioni parallele
- ICT e media per lo sviluppo
- Insediamenti umani, territori e comunità
-
Sviluppo rurale, risorse naturali, ambiente
- 3.1.1 Agricoltura e land grabbing: gli attori in campo
- 3.1.2 Politiche di investimento e land grabbing
- 3.2 Agro-biodiversità e sistemi agro-zootecnici diversificati
- 3.3 Agricoltura e allevamento urbano e (peri)urbano
- 3.4 L’accesso all’acqua e il nesso con cibo, terra ed energia: temi e indicatori globali per l’agenda dello sviluppo post2015
- 3.5 Genere e sviluppo rurale nei programmi di cooperazione
- Educazione, formazione, risorse umane
- Salute globale
- Cooperazione culturale
- Attori, reti e processi dello sviluppo economico
- Approcci e metodi della cooperazione allo sviluppo
- Sicurezza, rischio, conflitti e vulnerabilità
- Relatori
- Sessioni poster
- Materiale
3.3 Agricoltura e allevamento urbano e (peri)urbano
DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE SITE-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED ANIMAL HEALTH PACKAGES FOR THE RURAL POOR
Mario Mattoni – Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino (Rajinder Saini – ICIPE, Kenya; Charles Mahama – PATTEC Ghana; Issa Sidibe – PATTEC Burkina Faso; Oumar Diall – FAO Ghana; Burkhard Bauer - Free University Of Berlin; Antonio Rota – IFAD Italia; Raffaele Mattioli – FAO Italia)
In Sub Saharan Africa, milk production has constantly increased from early sixties till late eighties. However to fulfill the demand, production should increase by 4% per year, to reach 45 million tons/year by 2025, with a stronger growth in peri-urban areas (Tacher et al., 2000). Within a given production system, milk production is maximized when the genetic potential of a dairy cow is sustained by optimal management, including adequate feeding and absence or control of diseases affecting specifically the udder. Mungube et al. (2005) estimated the economic losses from mastitis in the peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa around 58 USD per cow/lactation. The largest proportion (>60%) of mastitis is subclinical (Kivaria, et al 2004), with main causes identified as: poor housing, improper milking, elevated insect/vector burden at farmers level. In the East-African Highlands, local dairy market is mainly sustained by small-scale farms (Holloway et al 2008). In Kenya, small-scale dairy often operating under highly intensified small-scale zero-grazing, furnishes 80-85 % of the national milk production. Dairying contributes to increase income of poor rural households who depend on the production and trade of dairy products for their livelihood. In 2010 IFAD, has funded a project “Development of innovative site-specific integrated animal health packages for the rural poor”, implemented by FAO in collaboration with an International Research Centre (ICIPE, Kenya). Main project’s goal is to develop animal health packages for managing and controlling animal diseases to improve food security and alleviate poverty. Zero-grazing dairy units are protected with net impregnated with an insecticide (synthetic pyrethroid) to reduce insect/vector burden. The results indicate a reduction in mastitis cases by 50%, farmers knowledge and perception of mastitis risk highly increased (cows are checked for mastitis before purchase), and more clean and higher quality milk produced.
KEEPING DAIRY CATTLE IN THE GAZA STRIP: A CASE OF STUDY
Cristiano Rossignoli - Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa (Francesco Di Iacovo, Roberta Moruzzo - Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa)
Since 1967, due to a conflicting political situation, the economy in the Gaza Strip has developed largely dependent on international humanitarian assistance. The isolation of markets, widespread unemployment, and the economic crisis are causing a serious decline in population living standards, with a high level of food insecurity. Population in Gaza Strip has increased dramatically reaching today an estimated 1.65 million in an area of only 360 km2 (PCBS, 2013). The rapid increase in urban population, land scarcity and the challenge of food security has accelerated the phenomenon of urban agriculture. In fact, the majority of agricultural production of vegetables, fruits and livestock in Gaza is today recognised as from urban or peri-urban agriculture. In Gaza Strip, agricultural sectors still offer the opportunity of food, income and employment for the local population. By presenting a case of study related to an international project promoting the dairy cattle sector we have investigated the humanitarian intervention in the Gaza Strip exploring key actions and related effects (technical, social and economic). In the light of the situation in the Gaza Strip, we have explored the reasons, social and economic, that promote the keeping of dairy cattle. In addition, we have analysed the current sustainability of the dairy cattle production in Gaza. We have also identified and investigated ways of breeding cattle and proposed a reflection on how developing the sector, highlighting on main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and constraints. Finally, in the paper we would like to propose a lesson learned from the process of development of dairy cattle sector and of the society in the Gaza Strip that can help to make an informed choice and contribute to the process of rural development supported by international cooperation.
TRA LE RADICI E IL CEMENTO. TERRA DA MANGIARE, TERRA DA OCCUPARE. DELLA COMPETIZIONE TRA CITTÀ E CAMPAGNA NELL’AGRICOLTURA PERI URBANA A DAKAR
Marcella Sechi – Università di Sassari/Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies of Geneva, Switzerland (IHEID)
In molte città Africane e nei PVS in genere, l’agricoltura urbana svolge una funzione di primaria importanza nel sostentamento diretto (produzione di cibo) ed indiretto (produzione di reddito) delle famiglie. A Dakar, il sistema di produzione orticola e frutticola peri urbana, è messo in discussione da una pluralità di fattori: l’espansione urbana con le regole di accesso e gestione delle terre, l’inquinamento delle acque, l’uso massiccio dei pesticidi ecc…Il mio intervento si concentra sul primo di questi fattori. E lo fa cercando di considerare l’espansione urbana come un fattore di erosione dei terreni agricoli e ma anche di erosione sociale. Togliendo spazio alle coltivazioni, infatti, la città interviene mutando la fisionomia del territorio ma anche quella di un sistema socio valoriale “tradizionale” che parrebbe porsi in antinomia con il modo “classico” di intendere la città. Il cemento, simbolo di un approccio economico, politico e socio-culturale di tipo neo liberale e anche di vendita e speculazione edilizia, sembra avere la meglio su un sistema, proprio del socialismo africano, che appare come “originario” e caratterizzato da logiche comunitarie e solidali. Osservando come la città, simbolo della società moderna, divora con il suo incedere vorace le aree peri urbane, ci si scontra con più ordini di domande: che fine farà l’agricoltura urbana? E’ possibile regolare e armonizzare l’antinomia (reale o apparente?) tra diritto al cibo e diritto all’alloggio? Non è forse l’agricoltura urbana e peri urbana, parte di quel sistema valoriale originario? E in questo senso, l’agricoltura urbana può essere vista come un mezzo che consenta di pensare e progettare la città tenendo conto della specificità urbana senegalese (ammesso che esista davvero), di criteri di sostenibilità e rispetto per l’ambiente? La città di Dakar, la cui storia ci racconta di un incontro/scontro tra volontà spesso confliggenti, è oggi scenario di scontro tra vecchie e nuove forme di potere che, in questo momento storico, e nella società globalizzata, hanno come protagonisti una miriade di attori: amministratori locali, Ong, agenzie Onu, sistemi macro economici schizofrenici, speculatori edilizi, investitori internazionali. Saranno ancora una volta le logiche di potere di questi attori ad avere la meglio? O è forse possibile cercare delle forme di tutela per i più? Il mio intervento non può rispondere a quesiti di tale portata, ma cerca di suggerire, raccontando ciò che accade a Dakar, un modello di analisi dei sistemi di agricoltura urbana che tengano conto non solo degli aspetti agronomici e veterinari, ma anche degli aspetti politici, economici, culturali, e sociali ad essa legati.
LA FILIERE LAITIERE EN AFRIQUE SAHELIENNE: VALORISATION DU PRODUIT LOCAL
Anna F.A. Cantàfora - Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano (Massimo Zecchini – DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano)
Une étude bibliographique et de synthèse sur la filière laitière en Afrique sahélienne a été réalisée. Après une description générale sur le Sahel et le rôle des produits laitiers au sein des économies locales, ce travail fait le point sur la dépendance des importations du lait en poudre par plusieurs de ces pays. Bien que le lait représente un élément important dans les civilisations pastorales au Sahel, les filières laitières locales tardent à s’affranchir des marchés internationaux. L’étude analyse la filière locale dans ses différents aspects et en particulier son récent développement dans un contexte urbain et celui plus traditionnel au niveau pastoral. La chaine urbaine, étant plus développée et complexe fait l’objet d’une analyse plus approfondie. Les étapes de production, transformation, commercialisation et consommation sont passées en revue selon les deux contextes, en faisant ressortir les possibilités d’amélioration et les freins qui empêchent la croissance de la filière locale. Une description des produits laitiers locaux est suivie par l’analyse des potentialités qu’ils pourraient jouer dans le processus de lutte à l’insécurité alimentaire. Cette zone d’Afrique souffre encore de ce problème et le lait produit localement pourrait intervenir comme un important maillon de la chaine alimentaire. Pour émanciper les pays sahéliennes de la dépendance des importations et promouvoir la production locale, il est important que la recherche et l’aide au développement s’orientent davantage vers la filière laitière, au profit d’un échange économique plus équilibré et de la valorisation des produits locaux. Une connaissance plus approfondie de cette filière au Sahel vise à faire connaître et à mieux développer les programmes orientés à la promotion et valorisation du lait local et de ses produits dérivés.
THE CREATION OF THE NETWORK OF ESTABLISHMENTS FOR VETERINARY EDUCATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION (REEV-MED): AN INITIATIVE AIMED TO IMPROVE THE STANDARD OF VETERINARY EDUCATION AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL
Nousaid Tligui - Institute Hassan II of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat (André Laurent Parodi - National Veterinary School of Alfort, France; Rachid Bouguedour, Vincent Brioudes - Sub-regional Representation of OIE – Tunis)
The veterinary profession is a guarantee of control of animal health, food security and safety, animal welfare and the preservation of our environment. The globalization of trade, responsible in a large part during the last decades, of the emergence of health crises, revealed or recalled the essential role of veterinarians in the establishment, at the international level, of a warning system and control of emerging and re-emerging diseases, mainly of animal origin. Therefore, it is now essential to ensure an optimal level of competence of both public and private veterinarians, through the world. The acquisition of these skills requires a high quality level of training: initial, specialized and complementary.
For these reasons, was created the network of establishments for veterinary education of the countries around the Mediterranean (Med-ERVE), having many similarities in common, within the region, in the field of animal health. This network fits into the recommendations of the world conferences on veterinary education organized by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).
The REEV-Med objectives are:
- The establishment of a process of harmonization and standardization of the veterinary curriculum in the Mediterranean region in accordance with international standards and guidelines of the OIE on the veterinary curriculum;
- The commitment of member institutions of the REEV-Med to undergo a procedure of evaluation comparable to the European system of evaluation of veterinary training, with the objective to train a competent veterinarians both in public and private sectors, in accordance with the international standards applied in the fight against animal diseases, including zoonoses;
- Incitement to exchanges information, educational experiences and research and the facilitation of exchanges of faculty members and students between the institutions of the network and between them and those of other parts of the world.
- The development and dissemination of educational materials for veterinary education at all levels: initial, specialized and continuing education.
THE DIFFUSION OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN DAIRY FARMS IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN NIAMEY, NIGER: PERCEPTIONS AND FUTURE OPENINGS
Carlo Semita –Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca e di Cooperazione tecnico scientifica con i Paesi del Sahel e dell'Africa Occidentale (C.I.S.AO.), Università di Torino (Moumouni Issa, Hamani Marichatou, Abdou Moussa Mahaman Maaouia - Faculté d’Agronomie de l’Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey; Tiziana Nervo - Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca e di Cooperazione tecnico scientifica con i Paesi del Sahel e dell'Africa Occidentale, C.I.S.AO., Università di Torino)
In Niger the livestock sector plays a very important role in the national economy and it occupies 80% of the population thanks to large livestock assets in terms of quality and productivity of local races. However, domestic dairy production is low, due to traditional extensive farming system. One way to increase production is to achieve genetic improvement of local breeds through the use of artificial insemination (AI), which is the overall objective of some projects financed by the Piedmont Region. The AI is still a new technique for Nigerien farmers, although, since the beginning of the project, a large number of farmers have agreed to use it. Since in Niger breeding is mainly nomadic or transhumant, AI was conducted in sedentary urban/peri-urban farms near Niamey. The AI was performed using the zebu Azawak, presenting good dairy and butchery aptitudes, and exotic races, such as Piedmontese, Holstein and Brown Swiss. The sanitary and nutritional conditions and the numerical consistency differed among the farms; only good healthy cows with a body condition score higher than 2.5/5 of various races were submitted to AI. The average fertility rate was around 30%, acceptable according to that obtained in similar conditions. The use of AI in these conditions allowed to reach economic and health benefits and to give to farmers a greater awareness of the suitable management of the herd, such as nutrition, sex ratio, etc. However the use of exotic breeds must be carefully monitored and managed to prevent loss of genetic potential.
Additionally, some surveys have been carried out to examine the perception of beneficiaries of AI and the prospect of its diffusion. In general, the benefits and objectives of AI are well known by breeders, even if a greater awareness is still necessary for a better extension of AI in Niger.
The diffusion of this technique should be upgraded to increase milk production efficiency to mitigate food insecurity and also to preserve biodiversity.